according to elinor ostrom, what should happen to someone who breaks the rules for using a commons

Elinor Ostrom
© Holger Motzkau 2010, Wikipedia/Wikimedia Commons (cc-by-sa-3.0) Ostrom in 2009
Built-in	Elinor Claire Awan (1933-08-07)August seven, 1933 Los Angeles, California, United States
Died	June 12, 2012(2012-06-12) (aged 78) Bloomington, Indiana, United States
Nationality	American
Citizenship	United States
Spouse(south)	Charles Scott Vincent Ostrom (1963–2012; her death)
Institution	Indiana University Arizona Country Academy Virginia Tech UCLA
Field	Public economics Public option theory
School or tradition	New institutional economics
Alma mater	UCLA (BA, PhD)
Doctoral advisor	Dwaine Marvick
Contributions	Institutional Assay and Evolution framework Governing the Commons
Awards	2009 Nobel Memorial Prize 2004 John J. Carty Honor 2001 US National University of Sciences electee 1999 Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Elinor Claire "Lin" Ostrom (née Awan; Baronial vii, 1933 – June 12, 2012) was an American political economist^{[1] [ii] [three]} whose work was associated with the New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy.^[four] In 2009, she was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for her "assay of economic governance, especially the commons", which she shared with Oliver E. Williamson. She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economic science.^[5]

Subsequently graduating with a B.A. and Ph.D. in political science from UCLA, Ostrom lived in Bloomington, Indiana, and served on the kinesthesia of Indiana University, with a late-career amalgamation with Arizona State University. She was Distinguished Professor at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science and co-managing director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, besides as enquiry professor and the founding director of the Centre for the Written report of Institutional Multifariousness at Arizona State Academy in Tempe.^[6] She was a lead researcher for the Sustainable Agronomics and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP), managed by Virginia Tech and funded by USAID.^[7] Beginning in 2008, she and her husband Vincent Ostrom advised the journal Transnational Corporations Review.^[eight]

Since the 60s, Ostrom was involved in resource management policy and created a research center, which attracted scientists from unlike disciplines from around the world. Working and teaching at her center was created on the principle of a workshop, rather than a university with lectures and a strict hierarchy.

Ostrom studied the interaction of people and ecosystems for many years and showed that the apply of exhaustible resources by groups of people (communities, cooperatives, trusts, trade unions) tin can exist rational and prevent depletion of the resources without government intervention.

Personal life and education

Elinor Claire Awan was built-in in Los Angeles, California as the only child of Leah Hopkins, a musician, and Adrian Awan, a gear up designer.^{[9] [10]} Her parents separated early on in her life, and Elinor lived with her mother virtually of the fourth dimension.^[xi] She attended a Protestant church with her mother and often spent weekends with her father'south Jewish family.^{[9] [12]} Growing upwardly in the mail-Depression era to divorced artisans, Ostrom described herself as a "poor child."^{[11] [xiii]} Her major recreational activity was pond, where she eventually joined a pond squad and swam competitively until she started teaching pond to earn funds to help put herself through college.^[fourteen]

Ostrom grew upwardly across the street from Beverly Hills Loftier School, which she attended, graduating in 1951.^[15] She regarded this as fortunate, for the school had a very high rate of college admittance. During Ostrom's inferior twelvemonth, she was encouraged to join the contend team. Learning argue tactics had an of import impact on her ways of thinking. It immune her to realize in that location are two sides to public policy and it is imperative to have quality arguments for both sides.^[14] Equally a high schoolhouse educatee, Elinor Ostrom had been discouraged from studying trigonometry, equally girls without peak marks in algebra and geometry were not allowed to take the subject. No one in her immediate family had any higher experience, but seeing that 90% of students in her high school attended college, she saw information technology as the "normal" affair to practise.^[14] Her mother did non wish for her to attend college, seeing no reason for it.^[15]

She attended UCLA, receiving a B.A. (with honors) in political scientific discipline at UCLA in 1954.^[16] By attention multiple summer session and extra classes throughout semesters, she was able to graduate in three years. She worked at the library, dime store and bookstore in society to pay her fees which were $50 per semester.^[14] She married a classmate, Charles Scott, and worked at General Radio in Cambridge, Massachusetts, while Scott attended Harvard Law School.^[nine] They divorced several years subsequently when Ostrom began contemplating a Ph.D.^{[nine] [17]} After graduation, she had trouble finding a job considering employers presumed that she was just looking for jobs every bit a instructor or secretary. She began a job as an export clerk later taking a correspondence grade for shorthand, which she afterwards found to be helpful when taking notes in contiguous interviews on research projects. After a year, she obtained a position as assistant personnel managing director in a business organisation firm that had never earlier hired a adult female in anything but a secretarial position. This job inspired her to think about attending graduate-level courses and somewhen applying for a research assistantship and admission to a Ph.D. plan.^[xiv]

Defective trigonometry from loftier schoolhouse, she was consequently rejected for an economics Ph.D. at UCLA.^[18] She was admitted to UCLA's graduate program in political science, where she was awarded an M.A. in 1962 and a Ph.D. in 1965.^[xvi] The teams of graduate students she was involved with were analyzing the political economic effects of a group of groundwater basins in Southern California. Specifically, Ostrom was assigned to look at the West Bowl. She plant it is very difficult to manage a common-puddle resource when it is used between individuals.^[14] The locals were pumping too much groundwater and salt h2o seeped into the bowl. Ostrom was impressed with how people from alien and overlapping jurisdictions who depended on that source constitute incentives to settle contradictions and solve the trouble. She made the study of this collaboration the topic of her dissertation, laying the foundation for the report of "shared resources". The postgraduate seminar was led by Vincent Ostrom, an associate professor of political science, xiv years her senior, whom she married in 1963. This marked the beginning of a lifelong partnership that named "love and contestation" as Ostrom put it in her dedication to her seminal 1990 book, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. ^[19]

In 1961 Vincent Ostrom, Charles Tiebout, and Robert Warren published "The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas," which would go along to be an influential commodity and introduced themes that would be central to the Ostroms' work.^{[xv] [20]} However, the article aggravated a conflict with UCLA's Bureau of Governmental Research because, counter to the Bureau'due south interests, information technology advised confronting centralization of metropolitan areas in favor of polycentrism. This conflict prompted the Ostroms to leave UCLA.^[xv] They moved to Bloomington, Indiana, in 1965, when Vincent accustomed a political science professorship at Indiana Academy.^[21] She joined the faculty as Visiting Assistant Professor. The first course she taught was an evening form on American authorities.^{[nine] [22]}

Career

Ostrom is probably all-time known for revisiting the so-called "tragedy of the commons" – a theory proposed past biologist Garrett Hardin in 1968. ^{[19] [23]}

"In an commodity past the same proper name published in the journal Science, Hardin theorized that if each herdsman sharing a slice of common grazing land made the individually rational economical determination of increasing the number of cattle he keeps on the state, the collective effect would deplete or destroy the eatables. In other words, multiple individuals—interim independently and rationally consulting their own cocky-interest—will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource, even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term involvement for this to happen. Ostrom believes that the "tragedy" in such situations isn't inevitable, as Hardin thought. Instead, if the herders decide to cooperate with one another, monitoring each other'southward utilize of the land and enforcing rules for managing it, they tin can avoid the tragedy."^[19]

Garrett Hardin believes that the most important attribute that we demand to realize today is the need to abandon the principle of shared resource in reproduction. A possible alternative to the tragedy of the commons (shared needs) was described in Elinor Ostrom's book "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Commonage Action". The book demonstrates on a factual textile that there are practical algorithms for the collective employ of a limited common resource, which allow the selfish behavior of stakeholders within the framework of the accepted algorithms for quoting and command, while the consequence of interaction is not devastation, but rational use and renewal of the resource.

Ostrom was richly informed by fieldwork, both her own and that of others. During her PhD at the University of California, Los Angeles, she spent years studying the water wars and pumping races going on in the 1950s in her ain dry backyard. In contrast to the prevailing rational-economic predictions of Malthusianism and the tragedy of the commons, she showed cases where humans were not trapped and helpless amid diminishing supplies. In her volume Governing the Commons , she draws on studies of irrigation systems in Spain and Nepal, mountain villages in Switzerland and Japan, and fisheries in Maine and Indonesia.^[24]

In 1973, Ostrom and her husband founded the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University.^[25] Examining the use of commonage activity, trust, and cooperation in the management of common pool resources (CPR), her institutional approach to public policy, known equally the Institutional analysis and development framework (IAD), has been considered sufficiently distinct to be thought of as a separate school of public choice theory.^[26] She authored many books in the fields of organizational theory, political scientific discipline, and public assistants. Elinor Ostrom was a dedicated scholar until the very end of her life. Indeed, on the twenty-four hour period before she died, she sent electronic mail messages to at least 2 dissimilar sets of coauthors most papers that she was writing with them. She was the chief scientific counselor for the International Council for Science (ICSU) Planet Under Force per unit area meeting in London in March, and Johan Rockstrom of the Stockholm Resilience Centre wrote that

"Lin, up until the very end, was heavily involved in our preparations for the Nobel laureate dialogues on global sustainability nosotros will be hosting in Rio 17th and 18th of June during the Un Rio+twenty Earth Summit. In the end, she decided she could not come in person, simply was contributing precipitous, enthusiastically charged, inputs, in the manner just she could."^{[27] [28]}

It was long unanimously held among economists that natural resources that were collectively used by their users would be over-exploited and destroyed in the long-term. Elinor Ostrom disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources, such as pastures, fishing waters and forests. She showed that when natural resources are jointly used by their users, in time, rules are established for how these are to be cared for and used in a style that is both economically and ecologically sustainable.^[29]

She was senior research director of the Vincent and Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Distinguished Professor and Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science in the Higher of Arts and Sciences, and professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs.^[30] The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis was meant to employ diverse scholars throughout economics, political science, and other fields to collaborate and attempt to understand how institutional arrangements in a diverse gear up of ecological and social economic political settings affected behavior and outcomes. The goal was not to wing around the world collecting data, rather it is to create a network of scholars who live in item areas of the globe and had strong interests in forest conditions and forest policy conducted the studies.^[31]

Ostrom'south innovative and ground-breaking research was supported by National Scientific discipline Foundation, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the Hynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Food and Agronomics System of the United Nations, UsA.I.D., the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Mental Health.^[32]

Ostrom has been involved in international activities throughout her long and productive career. Had experience in Kenya, Nepal and Nigeria, and as well fabricated research trips to Australia, Republic of bolivia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Poland and Republic of zimbabwe. During workshops and research grants, she and her husband supported many international students, visited researchers and policymakers. They did non have children of their own and used personal funds and efforts to receive grants to help others. In a 2010 interview, Ostrom noted that because they had no family unit to back up, "I was not ever concerned about salary, so that's never been an consequence for me. For some colleagues who take big families, and all the rest, it's a major result." ^[32]

Ostrom was a founding fellow member and first president of the IASC (International Association for the Study of the Commons).^[33]

Research

Ostrom's early on work emphasized the role of public choice on decisions influencing the product of public goods and services.^[34] Amidst her better known works in this area is her study on the polycentricity of constabulary functions in Indianapolis.^[35] Caring for the commons had to be a multiple chore, organised from the basis upwards and shaped to cultural norms. It had to be discussed face up to face, and based on trust. Dr. Ostrom, also poring over satellite data and quizzing lobstermen herself, enjoyed employing game theory to effort to predict the behaviour of people faced with limited resources. In her Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Assay at Indiana Academy—fix upward with her hubby Vincent, a political scientist, in 1973—her students were given shares in a national common. When they discussed what they should exercise before they did information technology, their rate of render from their "investments" more than doubled. Her later, and more famous, piece of work focused on how humans interact with ecosystems to maintain long-term sustainable resources yields. Common puddle resources include many forests, fisheries, oil fields, grazing lands, and irrigation systems. She conducted her field studies on the direction of pasture by locals in Africa and irrigation systems direction in villages of western Nepal (e.k., Dang Deukhuri). Her work has considered how societies take developed diverse institutional arrangements for managing natural resource and avoiding ecosystem collapse in many cases, even though some arrangements take failed to prevent resource burnout. Her piece of work emphasized the multifaceted nature of human–ecosystem interaction and argues against whatever singular "panacea" for individual social-ecological system bug.^[36]

Design principles for Common Pool Resources (CPR) institution

Ostrom identified eight "design principles" of stable local common pool resource management:^{[37] [38]}

1. Clearly divers (articulate definition of the contents of the common pool resource and constructive exclusion of external un-entitled parties);
2. The appropriation and provision of common resources that are adjusted to local conditions;
3. Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource appropriators to participate in the decision-making process;
4. Effective monitoring past monitors who are part of or accountable to the appropriators;
5. A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate community rules;
6. Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of piece of cake admission;
7. Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level government; and
8. In the case of larger common-pool resources, organization in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base level.

These principles have since been slightly modified and expanded to include a number of additional variables believed to affect the success of self-organized governance systems, including effective advice, internal trust and reciprocity, and the nature of the resources arrangement as a whole.^[39]

Ostrom and her many co-researchers have developed a comprehensive "Social-Ecological Systems (SES) framework", within which much of the however-evolving theory of common-pool resources and collective cocky-governance is now located.^[xl]

Environmental protection

Co-ordinate to the Norwegian Plant for Urban and Regional Research, "Ostrom cautioned against single governmental units at global level to solve the collective activity problem of coordinating work against environmental devastation. Partly, this is due to their complexity, and partly to the variety of actors involved. Her proposal was that of a polycentric arroyo, where key management decisions should exist fabricated every bit shut to the scene of events and the actors involved as possible." Ostrom helped disprove the thought held past economists that natural resources would be over-used and destroyed in the long run. Elinor Ostrom disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in modest, local communities manage shared natural resources, such as pastures, fishing waters in Maine and Indonesia, and forests in Nepal. She showed that when natural resources are jointly managed by their users, in time, rules are established for how these are to be cared for and used in a fashion that is both economically and ecologically sustainable.^[41]

Ostrom's law

Ostrom'south constabulary is an aphorism that represents how Elinor Ostrom'due south works in economic science challenge previous theoretical frameworks and assumptions about holding, particularly the commons. Ostrom'southward detailed analyses of functional examples of the eatables create an alternative view of the organization of resource that are both practically and theoretically possible. This eponymous police is stated succinctly past Lee Anne Fennell as:

A resources arrangement that works in exercise can work in theory.^[42]

Awards and recognition

Ostrom was a fellow member of the United States National Academy of Sciences,^[22] a fellow member of the American Philosophical Society,^[43] and president of the American Political Science Clan and the Public Choice Order. In 1999, she became the first woman to receive the prestigious Johan Skytte Prize in Political Scientific discipline.^[44]

Ostrom was awarded the Frank Eastward. Seidman Distinguished Award for Political Economy in 1998. Her presented paper, on "The Comparative Study of Public Economies",^[45] was followed past a discussion amongst Kenneth Arrow, Thomas Schelling, and Amartya Sen. She was awarded the John J. Carty Award from the National University of Sciences in 2004,^[46] and, in 2005, received the James Madison Honour by the American Political Scientific discipline Clan. In 2008, she became the first adult female to receive the William H. Riker Prize in political science; and, the following yr, she received the Tisch Civic Engagement Research Prize from the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service at Tufts Academy. In 2010, the Utne Reader mag included Ostrom equally ane of the "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World".^[47] She was named one of Fourth dimension magazine'south "100 Most Influential People in the World" in 2012.

The International Found of Social Studies (ISS) awarded its Honorary Fellowship to her in 2002.

Telephone interview with Elinor Ostrom

In 2008 she was awarded an honorary caste, doctor honoris causa, at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Technology.^[48]

In July 2019, Indiana University Bloomington announced that every bit part of their Bridging the Visibility Gap initiative, a statue of Ostrom would be placed outside of the building which houses the University's political science department.^[49]

Nobel Prize in Economics

In 2009, Ostrom became the beginning woman to receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Royal Swedish University of Sciences cited Ostrom "for her analysis of economical governance", proverb her work had demonstrated how common property could be successfully managed by groups using it. Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson shared the x-million Swedish kronor (€990,000; $1.44 million) prize for their separate piece of work in economical governance.^[50] As she had done with previous monetary prizes, Ostrom donated her award to the Workshop she helped to found.^{[11] [51]}

Elinor Ostrom with the other 2009 Nobel Laureates

The Purple Swedish Academy of Sciences said Ostrom'south "research brought this topic from the fringe to the forefront of scientific attention...past showing how common resources—forests, fisheries, oil fields or grazing lands—can exist managed successfully by the people who apply them rather than past governments or private companies". Ostrom'south work in this regard challenged conventional wisdom, showing that common resource can be successfully managed without regime regulation or privatization.^[52]

In application Ostrom the Nobel Prize for the Analysis of Economical Governance, the Royal Swedish University of Sciences noted that her work "teaches us novel lessons almost the deep mechanisms that sustain cooperation in homo societies." Even if Ostrom'southward selection (along with co-recipient Oliver Williamson of the University of California, Berkeley) seemed odd to some, others saw information technology equally an appropriate reaction to costless-market inefficiencies highlighted past the 2008 financial crisis.^[xix]

Death

Ostrom was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in October 2011.^{[53] [54]} During the final yr of her life, she continued to write and lecture, giving the Hayek Lecture at the Institute of Economic Affairs but xi weeks before her decease.^[11] She died at 6:40 a.thousand. Tuesday, June 12, 2012, at IU Wellness Bloomington Infirmary at the age of 78.^[55] On the day of her death, she published her last article, "Green from the Grassroots," in Project Syndicate.^{[56] [57]} Indiana University president Michael McRobbie wrote: "Indiana Academy has lost an irreplaceable and magnificent treasure with the passing of Elinor Ostrom".^[58] Her Indiana colleague Michael McGinnis commented after her decease that Ostrom donated her share of the $one.four million Nobel award money to the Workshop—the biggest, by far, of several academic prizes with monetary awards that the Ostroms had given to the heart over the years.^[27] Her husband Vincent died 17 days later from complications related to cancer. He was 92.^[59]

Selected publications

Books

• Ostrom, Elinor (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Activeness. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-40599-seven.
• Ostrom, Elinor; Schroeder, Larry; Wynne, Susan (1993). Institutional incentives and sustainable evolution: infrastructure policies in perspective. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN978-0-8133-1619-ii.
• Ostrom, Elinor; Walker, James; Gardner, Roy (1994). Rules, games, and mutual-pool resources. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN978-0-472-06546-two.
• Ostrom, Elinor; Walker, James (2003). Trust and reciprocity: interdisciplinary lessons from experimental research. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN978-0-87154-647-0.
• Gibson, Clark C.; Andersson, Krister; Ostrom, Elinor; Shivakumar, Sujai (2005). The Samaritan'due south Dilemma: The Political Economy of Evolution Aid. Oxford Scholarship Online. ISBN978-0-199-27885-5.
• Ostrom, Elinor (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-12238-0.
• Ostrom, Elinor; Kanbur, Ravi; Guha-Khasnobis, Basudeb (2007). Linking the formal and informal economic system: concepts and policies. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-923729-6.
• Ostrom, Elinor; Hess, Charlotte (2007). Understanding noesis as a commons: from theory to practice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Printing. ISBN978-0-262-51603-seven.
• Ostrom, Elinor; Poteete, Amy R; Janssen, Marco A (2010). Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practise. Princeton: Princeton University Printing. ISBN978-0-691-14604-1.
• Ostrom, Elinor; Lam, Wai Fung; Pradhan, Prachanda; Shivakoti, Ganesh (2011). Improving Irrigation in Asia Sustainable Performance of an Innovative Intervention in Nepal. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. ISBN978-0-857-93826-viii.
• Cole, Daniel H.; Ostrom, Elinor (2011). Property in State and Other Resource. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Found of State Policy. ISBN978-one-55844-228-three.
• Ostrom, Elinor; Chang, Christina; Pennington, Mark; Tarko, Vlad (2012). The Future of the Commons Beyond Market Failure and Regime Regulatio. London: The Plant of Economic Diplomacy. ISBN978-0-255-36653-iii.

Chapters in books

• Ostrom, Elinor (2009), "Engaging with impossibilities and possibilities", in Kanbur, Ravi; Basu, Kaushik (eds.), Arguments for a better earth: essays in honor of Amartya Sen | Volume II: Gild, institutions and development, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 522–541, ISBN978-0-nineteen-923997-ix.

Periodical articles

• Ostrom, Elinor; Crawford, Sue E. S. (September 1995). "A grammer of institutions". American Political Science Review. 89 (three): 582–600. doi:ten.2307/2082975. JSTOR 2082975.
• Ostrom, Elinor (March 1998). "A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American Political Science Clan, 1997" (PDF). American Political Science Review. 92 (1): one–22. doi:ten.2307/2585925. JSTOR 2585925.
• Ostrom, Elinor (July 24, 2009). "A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems". Science. 325 (5939): 419–422. Bibcode:2009Sci...325..419O. doi:10.1126/science.1172133. PMID 19628857. S2CID 39710673.
• Ostrom, Elinor (June 2010). "Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economical systems". American Economic Review. 100 (3): 641–672. doi:10.1257/aer.100.three.641. S2CID 2371158. Pdf version.

See as well

• Co-production of public services past service users and communities.
• Institutional analysis and evolution framework (IAD)

References

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Further reading

• Aligica, Paul Dragos (2008). "Ostrom, Vincent and Elinor (1919-and 1933-)". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). Ostrom, Vincent and Elinor (1919– and 1933– ). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Plant. p. 368. doi:ten.4135/9781412965811.n225. ISBN978-1-4129-6580-iv. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
• Aligica, Paul Dragos; Boettke, Peter (2009). Challenging Institutional Analysis and Development: The Bloomington Schoolhouse. Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-77820-6.
• Locher, Fabien. "Third World Pastures. The Historical Roots of the Commons Prototype (1965–1990)". Quaderni Storici. 2016/one: 303–333.
• Locher, Fabien (2018). "Historicizing Elinor Ostrom: Urban Politics, International Development and Expertise in the U.Due south. Context (1970–1990)". Theoretical Inquiries in Constabulary. 19 (2): 533–558. doi:10.1515/til-2018-0027. S2CID 158378074.
• Ostrom, Vincent and Elinor Ostrom. "Rethinking Institutional Analysis: Interviews with Vincent and Elinor Ostrom." By Paul Dragos Aligica. Interview, Mercatus Heart at George Mason Academy, 2003.
• Auer, Matthew (Baronial 2014). "Collective Action and the Development of Social Norms: The Principled Optimism of Elinor Ostrom". Journal of Natural Resources Policy Enquiry. half-dozen (4): 265–271. doi:ten.1080/19390459.2014.941177. S2CID 154060595.

External links

• On Collaboration Elinor Ostrom speaks on BBC The Forum
• Ostrom Workshop at Indiana University
  • Elinor Ostrom Curriculum Vitae
• Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at Arizona Land University
• No Panaceas! Elinor Ostrom Talks with Fran Korten
• Elinor Ostrom on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture on 8 December 2009 Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems
• Works by or about Elinor Ostrom in libraries (WorldCat itemize)
• Elinor Ostrom news, photos and videos from The Herald-Times, Bloomington, Indiana.
• Profile at the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS).
• Video of Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Elinor Ostrom (2011).
• Dr Elinor "Lin" Ostrom at Detect a Grave

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Source: https://enwik.org/dict/Elinor_Ostrom

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